The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified several zones across Northeast India rich in critical and strategic minerals essential for clean energy, digital infrastructure, and defence manufacturing.

Backed by the National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET), GSI’s extensive thematic studies, baseline surveys, and exploration projects have revealed significant deposits of rare earth elements (REE), graphite, vanadium, lithium, cobalt, and other vital materials used in batteries, semiconductors, and advanced alloys. "India's growing demand for such resources underscores the need to identify and develop domestic sources, particularly in geologically promising regions such as the northeast," GSI stated in its 57-page report.

The region's unique geological formations—ophiolite belts, ultramafic complexes, and graphite-bearing schists—make it highly favourable for mineral exploration. Union Minister Piyush Goyal termed the situation a "wake-up call" to diversify supply chains. Arunachal Pradesh has emerged as a major graphite source, with GSI establishing over 17.89 million tonne of high-grade graphite, suitable for lithium-ion battery applications due to its fine- to medium-flaked texture and carbon content between five percent and 25 percent.